viii
Contents
2
Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative
Diseases
42
Zihni Onur Çalışkaner
2.1
Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.2
Stem Cells
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.2.1
Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.2.2
Adult Stem Cells (ASCs)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.2.3
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) . . . . . . . .
47
2.3
Experimental and Clinical Attempts at Stem Cell Usage in Neu-
rodegenerative Diseases
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
2.3.1
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.3.2
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
2.3.3
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.3.4
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) . . . . . . . . . .
58
2.4
Conclusion
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.5
Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
Bibliography
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
3
Tissue Engineered Models of Brain Tumors and Their
Applications
74
Tugba Bal
3.1
Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
3.2
Glioblastoma (GBM) Microenvironment . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
3.2.1
Cellular Environment and Signals of GBM . . . . . . .
75
3.2.2
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Brain and GBM
. . .
81
3.2.3
Vasculature in Brain and GBM . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
3.3
In vitro Experimental GBM Mimics
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
3.3.1
2D Models
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
3.3.2
2.5D Models
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
3.3.3
3D Models
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
3.4
Applications of GBM Models in Basic and Clinical Research
88
3.4.1
Tumor Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
3.4.2
Drug Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
3.4.3
Immunotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
3.4.4
Response to Radiotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
3.4.5
Biobanking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
3.5
Concluding Remarks
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
Bibliography
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4
Brain Tumor Detection Using Image Processing
Techniques
115
Kristin Surpuhi Benli
4.1
Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
115
4.2
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
116
4.2.1
Axial, Coronal, and Sagittal Plane . . . . . . . . . . .
116